The Pfennig (German pronunciation: [ˈpfɛnɪç], abbreviation Pf) is an old German A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, has been known and documented before AD 100. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire, which lasted until 1806. During the 16th century, northern Germany became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. As a modern nation-state, coin or note, which existed from the 9th century until the introduction of the euro The euro is the official currency of the eurozone: 16 of the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU). It is also the currency used by the EU institutions. The eurozone consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. Estonia is in 2002.
While a valuable coin during the Middle Ages, it lost its value through the years and was the minor coin of the Mark Mark was a measure of weight (see mark (mass)) mainly for gold and silver, commonly used throughout western Europe and often equivalent to 8 ounces. Considerable variations, however, occurred throughout the Middle Ages (see du Cange, Gloss. med. et infim. Lat., s.v. Marca for a full list) in the German Reich Deutsches Reich was the official name for Germany from 1871 to 1945 in the German language. The direct literal translation, "German Empire", is used only when describing Germany under Hohenzollern rule . For the entire 1871–1945 period, the English name given for Germany was the partially translated "German Reich" (pronounced, the former Federal Republic of Germany West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) in the period between its formation in May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. This period, during which Germany and Berlin were divided, ended when communist East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the (FRG, West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic The German Democratic Republic - GDR was the socialist state established in 1949 in the Soviet zone of occupied Germany and in the East Berlin portion of the Allied-occupied capital city. The German Democratic Republic, which consisted geographically of northeast Germany rather than all of eastern Germany, had an area of 107,771 km2. (41,610 mi.2), (GDR, East Germany), and after the German reunification German reunification was the process in which the German Democratic Republic (GDR/East Germany) joined the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG/West Germany), and Berlin was united into a single city. The start of this process is commonly referred by Germans as die Wende (The Turning Point.). The end of the unification process is officially referred in Germany A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, has been known and documented before AD 100. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire, which lasted until 1806. During the 16th century, northern Germany became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. As a modern nation-state, until introduction of the euro The euro is the official currency of the eurozone: 16 of the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU). It is also the currency used by the EU institutions. The eurozone consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. Estonia is.
As a currency sign the letter 'd' for 'denarius In the Roman currency system, the denarius was a small silver coin first minted in 211 BC. It was the most common coin produced for circulation but was slowly debased until its replacement by the antoninianus. The word "denarius" is derived from the Latin dēnī "ten times", as its value was 10 asses; it may also be the origin' in German kurrent script Kurrent is an old form of German handwriting based on late medieval cursive writing. It is known in full as Kurrentschrift or Alte Deutsche Schrift . In American English, its name has been seen shortened to Schrift.[citation needed] was used: ₰. This abbreviation has nearly fallen out of use since the 1950s, with the demise and eventual abolition of the Reichsmark The Reichsmark was the currency in Germany from 1924 until June 20, 1948. The Reichsmark was subdivided into 100 Reichspfennig.
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Etymology
The British penny A penny is a coin or a type of currency (pl. pence) used in several English-speaking countries. It is often the smallest denomination within a currency system is etymologically related to the 'Pfennig', the Swedish penning, which was also model for the Finnish penni (1860–2001), the Polish fenig (1917–1918) and the fening The Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark (sign: KM; code: BAM) is the currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is divided into 100 fenings (Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian Latin: feninga, Serbian Cyrilic: фенинга). The names derive from German Mark and Pfennig, hence the occasional local spelling of the subdivision as pfeniga. Its ISO 4217 of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1998–today).
The etymology of the Pfennig is not completely clear, but seems to rely on the way coins were minted during the Middle Ages: the base material were thin flat metal discs. The value was embossed from one side, creating a pan (German Pfanne)-like coin.
In some pre-German countries (like Prussia and Bavaria), coins had similar but different names, as Pfenning, Penning, Pending, Pfanding and Penny. This was for better handling due to different currencies (of different states within the Deutscher Bund The German Confederation or Germanic Confederation was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, which had been abolished in 1806. In 1848, revolutions by liberals and nationalists occurred in an attempt to establish a unified German) used simultaneously.
History
In the 9th century, Charlemagne Charlemagne was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) from 800 to his death. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800. This temporarily made declared that 240 Pfennigs should be minted from a pound of silver. A single coin thus contained 1.5 to 2 grams of silver. Until the 13th century, the pfennig was made from real silver, and thus of high value. From the 12th century on, the King was no longer able to enforce the regalia to mint coins, so many towns and local lords made their own coins, mostly using less valuable metals and less metal per coin, so different Pfennigs had different values. Some renowned coins are the Häller Pfennig, some centuries later called Heller The Heller or Häller was a German coin valued at half a Pfennig named after the city of Hall am Kocher . The coin was produced from the beginning of the 13th century on as silver pfennig (Häller Pfennig) and minted throughout the country, and the Kreuzer The Kreuzer, in English usually kreutzer, was a silver coin and unit of currency existing in the southern German states prior to the unification of Germany, and in Austria. The names for the former Brazilian currencies Cruzeiro and Crusado are derived from the word Kreuzer (from 'Kreuz', the cross minted on the coins). In the late 17th century the Pfennigs had lost most of their value. The last Pfennig coins containing traces of silver are rarities minted in 1805.
Pfennig Rottweil issued between 1200 and 1220The Goldmark Before unification, the different German states issued a variety of different currencies, though most were linked to the Vereinsthaler, a silver coin containing 16⅔ grams of pure silver. Although the Mark was based on gold rather than silver, a fixed exchange rate between the Vereinsthaler and the Mark of 3 Mark = 1 Vereinsthaler was used for, introduced in 1873 as currency of the newly founded German Reich, was parted as 1 Mark = 100 Pfennigs. This partition was retained through all German currencies until 2001. The last West German one- and two-Pfennig coins were steel with a copper coating, the five- and ten-Pfennig coins were steel with a brass coating. The latter was called Groschen. All four coins had their value imprinted on the obverse and oak on the reverse.
1937 reichspfennig of the Third Reich.The coins of the Mark of the DDR The German Democratic Republic , informally called East Germany by the West, was the socialist state established in 1949 in the Soviet zone of occupied Germany and in the East Berlin portion of the Allied-occupied capital city. The German Democratic Republic, which consisted geographically of northeast Germany rather than all of eastern Germany, were made of aluminium, except for the 20 Pfennigs coin, which was made of an aluminium copper alloy.
Pfennig since the euro
After the introduction of the euro, some, mainly older, Germans tend to use the term Pfennig instead of cent for the copper-coloured coins (and the term Groschen for the 10-cent-coin).
Unicode
The pfennig ligature is defined and coded in Unicode Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent representation and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. Developed in conjunction with the Universal Character Set standard and published in book form as The Unicode Standard, the latest version of Unicode consists of a repertoire of more than 107,000 as follows:
See also
- Bracteate A bracteate is a flat, thin, single-sided gold medal worn as jewellery produced in Northern Europe predominantly during the Migration Period of the Germanic Iron Age (in Sweden this includes the Vendel era), but the name is also used for later produced coins of silver produced in central Europe during the early Middle Ages
- Penny A penny is a coin or a type of currency (pl. pence) used in several English-speaking countries. It is often the smallest denomination within a currency system
Categories: Currency signs | Currencies of Germany | Coins
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Kikuchi, D. W., Pfennig, D. W.
Wed, 24 Feb 2010 08:07:10 GM
In Batesian mimicry, a harmless species (the 'mimic') resembles a dangerous species (the 'model') and is thus protected from predators. It is often assumed that the mimetic phenotype evolves from a cryptic phenotype, but it is unclear ...
Q. I have quite a few coins that have survived a house fire. They are NOT valuable (pfennigs, francs, kroners from 1960s), but they have personal value to my grandmother, and she would like to see them clean. I am not concerned about avoiding small scratches, and "gentle cleaning" methods (soapy water, soft cloth, mild cleaners) just do not remove the burned, blackened gunk. Any suggestions?
Asked by kaisakuchen - Sun Feb 25 14:33:59 2007 - - 4 Answers - 0 Comments
A. Use rubber gloves, but why not try Easy Off oven cleaner. It removes carbon deposits in the oven? Why wouldn't it work here? Just thought of this. I was watching Rachel Ray's show, and they recommended those fizzy tablets that you use to clean dentures for LOTS of cleaning applications. Might want to give that a shot!
Answered by Bare B - Sun Feb 25 14:37:24 2007
