Montenegro ( /ˌmɒntɨˈneɪɡroʊ/ (help·info) or /ˌmɒntɨˈniːɡroʊ/) (Montenegrin Montenegrin language is a South Slavic language spoken in Montenegro and by the Montenegrin diaspora. It is based on the Shtokavian dialect. It is the official language of the country: Crna Gora, Црна Гора, listen (help·info)) (meaning "Black Mountain" in Montenegrin) is a country located in Southeastern Europe The Balkans is a geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains, which run through the centre of Bulgaria into eastern Serbia. The region has a combined area of 550,000 km2 (212,000 sq mi) and a population of 55 million people.[citation needed]. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula, and the system of the Apennine Mountains from that of the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges. The Adriatic Sea is a part of the Mediterranean Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia Croatia (pronounced /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ , kroe-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska listen (help·info)), is a country in Central Europe and Southeastern Europe at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Adriatic Sea. Its capital and largest to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina (pronounced /ˈbɒzni.ə hɜrtsɨˈɡoʊvɨnə/ ( listen) or /ˌhɜrtsɨɡoʊˈviːnə/; Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Latin: Bosna i Hercegovina; Bosnian and Serbian Cyrillic: Босна и Херцеговина) is a country in South-Eastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, to the northwest, Serbia 2 Titular rulers of Serbia in Hungarian exile claimed Serbian throne until 1540. Belgrade fell to Ottomans in 1521. Serbia was briefly reestablished by Jovan Nenad 1526–7 to the northeast, Kosovo Kosovo is a disputed territory in the Balkans. The partially-recognised Republic of Kosovo (Albanian: Republika e Kosovës; Serbian: Република Косово, Republika Kosovo), a self-declared independent state, has de facto control over most of the territory, with limited control in North Kosovo. Serbia does not recognise the unilateral[a] to the east and Albania Albania ( /ælˈbeɪniə/ al-BAY-nee-ə, Albanian: Shqipëri/Shqipëria, Gheg Albanian: Shqipnia/Shqypnia), officially known as the Republic of Albania (Albanian: Republika e Shqipërisë, pronounced [ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːs]), is a country in South Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo[a] to the northeast, to the southeast.[3] Its capital A capital city is the area of a country, province, region, or state, regarded as enjoying primary status; although there are exceptions, a capital is almost always a city which physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of the seat of government and is fixed by law. An alternate term is political capital, but this phrase has a second and largest city is Podgorica Podgorica (Serbian: Podgorica, Подгорица; Lit. "Under the Small Hill.", is the capital and largest city of Montenegro. It is at 42°28′12″N 19°16′48″E / 42.47°N 19.28°E, 44 metres above sea level, while Cetinje Cetinje is a town in Montenegro, located at ( 42°23′11″N 18°55′30″E / 42.38639°N 18.925°E ). It is also a historical and the secondary capital of Montenegro (Пријестоница/Prijestonica), with the official residence of the President of Montenegro. It had a population of 15,137 as of 2003 is designated as the Prijestonica (Пријестоница), meaning the former Royal Capital City.[4]
The history of Montenegro dates back to 9th century The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian/Common Era with the emergence of Duklja Duklja or Diokletija ; Latin: Doclea or Diocleia; Greek: Διοκλεία, Diokleiaa[›]) was a medieval state with hereditary lands roughly encompassing the territories of present-day southeastern Montenegro, from Kotor on the west to the river Bojana on the east and to the sources of Zeta and Morača rivers on the north. Duklja was at first a, a vassal state of the Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire was the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire of the Middle Ages, centered around its capital of Constantinople, and ruled by the Byzantine emperors in direct succession to their ancient Roman predecessors. It was called the Roman Empire and also Romania (Greek: Ῥωμανία, Rhōmanía) by its inhabitants and neighbours. As. In those formative years, Duklja was ruled by the House of Vojislavljević The House of Vojislav was a medieval dynasty that inherited the claims over Duklja of the old ruling House of Saint Vladimir and the Serbian House of Vlastimir dynasty. It ruled Duklja and the surrounding territories; including Zahumlje, Rascia and Bosnia, where the dynasty's side branches have become rulers. It lasted from 1034 until 1186, when. In 1042, at the end of his 25-year rule, King Vojislav won a decisive battle near Bar Bar is a coastal town in Montenegro. It has a population of 13,719 (2003 census). Bar is the centre of Bar municipality and a major seaport of Montenegro against Byzantium, and Duklja became independent. Duklja's power and prosperity reached their zenith under King Vojislav's son, King Mihailo (1046–81), and his son King Bodin (1081–1101).[5] From the 11th century, it started to be referred to as Zeta Zeta was a principality whose territory approximately encompassed present-day Montenegro. It was named after the Zeta River. It ended with its incorporation into Raška Raška was the central and most successful medieval Serbian state (or župa, area ruled by a župan) that unified neighboring Serbian tribes into a main medieval Serbian state in the Balkans, and beginning with the Crnojevic dynasty, Zeta was more often referred to as Crna Gora or by the Venetian Venetian or Venetan is a Romance language spoken as native language by over two million people, mostly in the Veneto region of Italy, where of five million inhabitants almost all can understand it. It is sometime spoken and often well understood outside Veneto, in Trentino, Friuli, Venezia Giulia, Istria and some towns of Dalmatia, an area of six term monte negro. A sovereign principality Zeta was a principality whose territory approximately encompassed present-day Montenegro. It was named after the Zeta River[6] since the Late Middle Ages The Late Middle Ages is a term used by historians to describe European history in the period of the 14th and 15th centuries . The Late Middle Ages were preceded by the High Middle Ages, and followed by the Early Modern era (Renaissance), Montenegro saw its independence from the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire was a regime that lasted from 1299 to 1923 formally recognized in 1878. From 1918, it was a part of various incarnations of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia is a term that describes three political entities that existed successively on the western part of Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century. On the basis of a referendum The Montenegrin independence referendum was a referendum on the independence of the Republic of Montenegro from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro that was held on 21 May 2006 held on 21 May 2006, Montenegro declared independence on 3 June of that year.
Montenegro is classified as a highly developed country by the Human Development Index The Human Development Index is a composite statistic used as an index to rank countries by level of "human development" and separate developed (high development), developing (middle development), and underdeveloped (low development) countries. The statistic is composed from statistics for Life Expectancy, Education, and GDP collected at and one of three former Yugoslav republics which are marked as "Moderate" (others being Slovenia Slovenia /sloʊˈviːniə/ sloh-VEE-nee-ə, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: Republika Slovenija, [reˈpublika sloˈveːnija] (help·info)), is a country in Central Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy on the west, the Adriatic Sea on the southwest, Croatia on the south and east, Hungary on and Croatia Croatia (pronounced /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ , kroe-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska listen (help·info)), is a country in Central Europe and Southeastern Europe at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Adriatic Sea. Its capital and largest) on the Failed States Index This is a list of countries by order of appearance in the Fund For Peace's Failed States Index. A failed state has several attributes. Common indicators include a state whose central government is so weak or ineffective that it has little practical control over much of its territory; non-provision of public services; widespread corruption and. Montenegro is a member of the United Nations The United Nations Organization or simply United Nations (UN) (Arabic: الأمم المتحدة, French: Organisation des Nations Unies, Chinese: 联合国 / 聯合國, Spanish: Organización de las Naciones Unidas, Russian: Организация Объединённых Наций) Filipino: Organisasyon ng Nagkakaisang mga Bansa is an, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe is the world's largest security-oriented intergovernmental organization. Its mandate includes issues such as arms control, human rights, freedom of the press and fair elections. Most of its 3,500-plus staff are engaged in field operations, with only around 10% in its headquarters, the Council of Europe The Council of Europe is one of the oldest international organisations working towards European integration, having been founded in 1949. It has a particular emphasis on legal standards, human rights, democratic development, the rule of law and cultural co-operation. It has 47 member states with some 800 million citizens. It is distinct from the, the Central European Free Trade Agreement As of 1 May 2007, the parties of the CEFTA agreement are: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo[2 1] and a founding member of the Union for the Mediterranean The Union for the Mediterranean , officially known by the full name of Barcelona Process: Union for the Mediterranean (BP:UfM) and previously known as the "Mediterranean Union" (Italian: Unione mediterranea, French: Union méditerranéenne), is a community initiated on 13 July 2008 by French President Nicolas Sarkozy. It is a new. Montenegro is also a potential candidate The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro started the process of Accession to the European Union in November 2005, when negotiations over a Stabilisation and Association Agreement began. In May 2006, Montenegro voted for independence in a referendum and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro was dissolved. Serbia continued with the existing for membership in the European Union The European Union is an economic and political union of 27 member states which are located primarily in Europe. Committed to regional integration, the EU was established by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1993 upon the foundations of the European Communities. With over 500 million citizens, the EU combined generated an estimated 28% share (US$ 16.5; the country presented its official application in 2008, hoping to gain EU candidate status in 2010.[7] Additionally, Montenegro is an official candidate for membership in NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO (pronounced /ˈneɪtoʊ/ NAY-toe; French: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique Nord ), also called the "(North) Atlantic Alliance", is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium,, having been offered a Membership Action Plan Enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization is the process of including new member states in NATO. NATO is a military alliance of currently democratic states in Europe and North America whose organization constitutes a system of collective defence. The process of joining the alliance is governed by Article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty by the alliance in 2009.[8]
Etymology
Crna Gora, sometimes transliterated as Tsrna Gora ("Black Mountain"), is mentioned for the first time in 1296 by Serbian King Stefan Uroš II Milutin Stefan Uroš II Milutin , was a king of Serbia (reigned 1282–1321), and member of the House of Nemanjić in his edict to the Serbian Orthodox It exercises jurisdiction over Orthodox Christians in Serbia and surrounding Slavic and other lands, as well as exarchates and patriarchal representation churches around the world. The Patriarch of Serbia serves as first among equals in his church; The current patriarch is His Holiness Irinej Zeta Episcopate The Metropolitanate of Montenegro is the largest diocese of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro. Founded in 1219 by Saint Sava, it is now one of the most prominent dioceses in the Serbian Orthodox Church. The current Metropolitan is Amfilohije. His current title is "Archbishop of Cetinje and Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Littoral& seat at the Vranjina Vranjina is an island in Skadar Lake in the Montenegrin municipality of Podgorica island in Lake Skadar Lake Scutari, also called Lake Skadar and Lake Shkodër is a lake on the border of Montenegro with Albania, the largest lake in the Balkan Peninsula. It is named after the city of Shkodra in northern Albania (Albanian: Shkodra or Shkodër, Montenegrin: Скадар/Skadar, Italian: Scutari) from 1296.[9] The origin of the term lies in the Slavic reference to excessively mountainous regions. Mentioned in most House of Nemanjić The House of Nemanjić was a medieval Serbian ruling dynasty's edicts and in subsequent Venetian The Most Serene Republic of Venice (Venetian: Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia, Italian: Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia) or Venetian Republic was a state originating from the city of Venice in Northeastern Italy. It existed for over a millennium, from the late 7th century AD until the year 1797. It is often referred to as La sources of the 13th and 14th centuries, signifying the area of the Upper Zeta Zeta was a principality whose territory approximately encompassed present-day Montenegro. It was named after the Zeta River, the name stabilized as a principality in the second half of the 15th century As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was the century which lasted from 1401 to 1500 under Lord Ivan Crnojević Ivan Crnojević - Ivo was the medieval ruler of Zeta and first lord of the Principality of Montenegro from 1465 to 1490, mostly confounding erroneously the term with the dynasty's name, which both have similar roots.
The region itself became called Old Montenegro (Стара Црна Гора/Stara Crna Gora) as by the 19th century The 19th century was a period in history marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. This paved the way for the growing influence of the British Empire, the German Empire and the United States, spurring military conflicts but also advances in science and exploration The Highlands [disambiguation needed] were added to the state. Montenegro further increased its size several times by the 20th century The 20th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. According to the Gregorian calendar, 2000 was the first century leap year since 1600 as the result of wars against the Ottomans, which saw the annexation of Old Herzegovina Old Herzegovina is a historical region in Montenegro. The largest city in this region in Nikšić, and the second-largest is Herceg Novi. Until the Congress of Berlin in 1878 the Old Hercegovina was part of Bosnia and Herzegowina, but since then merged into Montenegro and parts of Old Serbia, most notably Metohija and southern Rashka. The nation has changed little since that time, though it lost Metohija and gained the Bay of Kotor. The name of the region gave the name to its people, the Montenegrins (Црногорци/Crnogorci).
The country's name in most Western European languages reflects an adoption of the Italian-Venetian term monte negro, meaning "black mountain", which probably dates back to the era of Venetian hegemony over the area in the Middle Ages. Other languages, particularly nearby ones, use their own direct translation of the term "black mountain" (e.g. Albanian: Mali i Zi, Bulgarian: Черна гора, Cherna gora, Czech: Černá Hora, Greek: Μαυροβούνιο / Mavrovoúnio, Polish: Czarnogóra, Romanian: Muntenegru, Slovene: Črna Gora, Slovak: Čierna hora, Turkish: Karadağ)). Names from further afield include Russian: Черногория, Chernogoriya, Icelandic: Svartfjallaland and Chinese: 黑山 (pinyin: "Hēishān".[10]).
The ISO Alpha-2 code for Montenegro is ME and the Alpha-3 Code is MNE.[11]
History
Main article: History of Montenegro 1080 AD. The zenith of Dukljan power.Ancient times
The first recorded settlers of present-day Montenegro were Illyrians, the Docleata. In 9 AD the Romans conquered the region. Slavs colonized the area in the 5th and 6th centuries, forming a semi-independent principality called Duklja, that was involved in Balkan medieval politics with ties to Rascia and Byzantium and to a lesser extent Bulgaria.
Middle Ages
Duklja gained its independence from the Byzantine Empire in 1042. Over the next few decades, it expanded its territory to neighbouring Rascia and Bosnia and also became recognised as a kingdom. Its power started declining at the end of the 11th century and by 1186, it was conquered by Stefan Nemanja and incorporated into Serbian realm. The newly acquired land, then called Zeta, was governed by the Serbian Nemanjić dynasty. After the Serbian Empire collapsed in the second half of the 14th century, another family (the Balšićs) came to prominence.
In 1421, it was annexed to the Serbian Despotate but after 1455 another noble family from Zeta, the Crnojevićs, ruled Montenegro until 1499, making it the last free monarchy of the Balkans before it fell to the Ottomans, who annexed it to the sanjak of Shkodër. For a short time Montenegro existed as a separate autonomous sanjak in 1514–1528, another version of which existed again between 1597 and 1614.
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Tue, 22 Jun 2010 12:07:54 GMT+00:00
Balkans.com Business News Representatives of the Montenegro government and local road construction company Crnagoraput inked a EUR 40mn accord for maintenance of the road network in ...
AJOSHA
Mon, 16 Aug 2010 16:58:00 GM
However, . Montenegro. keeper Lazar Nikolic advanced from his line quickly to snuff out the danger. With Zimbabwe relying too much on the pace of Sibanda, . Montenegro. looked more dangerous in attack and they broke the deadlock on the ...
Q. I heard somewhere the Montenegro recently joined the United Nations. Does this mean that Serbia and Montenegro have split? Or are they still together as Yugoslavia? Thanks:D
Asked by smells like teen spirit - Tue Dec 9 19:14:59 2008 - - 7 Answers - 0 Comments
A. Montenegro is not apart of Yugoslavia anymore. Check out the article from CNN, link below. (Tribune Media Services) -- Driving south from Croatia's Dubrovnik, I soon hit the border of Montenegro, once part of Yugoslavia and now its own nation. By European standards, Montenegro is about as poor as it gets. They don't even have their own currency. With just 600,000 people, they decided, heck, let's just use euros. And since it's such a tiny place, the official Eurozone countries are willing to look the other way.
Answered by Kim22 - Tue Dec 9 19:21:03 2008
