The Maastricht Treaty (formally, the Treaty on European Union, TEU) was signed on 7 February 1992 by the members of the European Community The European Communities were three international organisations that were governed by the same set of institutions. These were the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom) in Maastricht Maastricht (Dutch & locally [maːˈstʁɪçt] or Dutch (northern) [maːˈstrɪχt]( listen); Limburgish (incl. Maastrichtian) Mestreech [məˈstʁeːç]; French Maëstricht (archaic); Spanish Mastrique (archaic)) is a city and a municipality in the southern part of the Dutch province of Limburg, of which it is the capital, the Netherlands The Netherlands (pronounced /ˈnɛðɚləndz/ ; Dutch: Nederland, pronounced [ˈneːdərlɑnt] ( listen)) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located in North-West Europe. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany.[1] On 9–10 December 1991, the same city hosted the European Council The European Council is the institution of the European Union responsible for defining the general political direction and priorities of the Union. It comprises the heads of state or government of EU member states, along with its President and the President of the Commission. The High Representative takes part in its meetings, which are chaired by which drafted the treaty.[2] Upon its entry into force on 1 November 1993 during the Delors Commission The Delors Commission was the administration of Jacques Delors, the 8th President of the European Commission, over the Commission of the European Communities,[3] it created the European Union The European Union is an economic and political union of 27 member states which are located primarily in Europe. Committed to regional integration, the EU was established by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1993 upon the foundations of the European Communities. With over 500 million citizens, the EU combined generated an estimated 28% share (US$ 16.5 and led to the creation of the single European currency, the euro The euro is the official currency of the eurozone: 16 of the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU). It is also the currency used by the EU institutions. The eurozone consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. Estonia is. The Maastricht Treaty has been amended to a degree by later treaties. For details on the content of the treaty as amended by Amsterdam, Nice and Lisbon, see the treaties of the European Union The Treaties of the European Union are a set of international treaties between the Union's member states which sets out the constitutional basis of the European Union . They establish the various EU institutions, their procedures and the EU's objectives. The EU can only act within the powers granted to it through these treaties article.

Contents

Content

The signing of the Treaty

The treaty led to the creation of the euro The euro is the official currency of the eurozone: 16 of the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU). It is also the currency used by the EU institutions. The eurozone consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. Estonia is currency, and created what is commonly referred to as the pillar structure of the European Union Between 1993 and 2009, the European Union legally consisted of three pillars. This structure was introduced with the Treaty of Maastricht on 1 November 1993, and was eventually abandoned on 1 December 2009 with the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, when the EU obtained a consolidated legal personality. This conception of the Union divides it into the European Community The European Community was the first of the three pillars of the European Union (EU) between 1992 and 2009. Created by the Maastricht Treaty (1992), it was based upon the principle of supranationalism and had its origins in the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union. The Treaty of Lisbon abolished the entire pillar (EC) pillar, the Common Foreign and Security Policy The Common Foreign and Security Policy is the organised, agreed foreign policy of the European Union (EU) for mainly security and defence diplomacy and actions. CFSP deals only with a specific part of the EU's external relations, which domains include mainly Trade and Commercial Policy and other areas as funding to third countries, etc. Decisions (CFSP) pillar, and the Justice and Home Affairs Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters , formerly Justice and Home Affairs (JHA), is the third of the three pillars of the European Union, focusing on co-operation in law enforcement and combating racism. It is based more around intergovernmental cooperation than the other pillars meaning there is little input from the Commission, (JHA) pillar. The latter two pillars are intergovernmental policy areas, where the power of member-states is at its greatest extent, whilst under the European Community pillar the Union's supra-national institutions — the Commission, the European Parliament and the Court of Justice — have the most power. All three pillars were the extensions of existing policy structures. The European Community pillar was the continuation of the European Economic Community The European Economic Community (also referred to as simply the European Community, or the Common Market in the English-speaking world) was an international organization that existed between 1957 and 1993 which was created to bring about economic integration (including a single market) between Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the with the "Economic" being dropped from the name to represent the wider policy base given by the Maastricht Treaty. Coordination in foreign policy had taken place since the beginning of the 1970s under the name of European Political Cooperation The European Political Cooperation was introduced in 1970 and was the synonym for European Union foreign policy coordination until it was superseded by the Common Foreign and Security Policy in the Maastricht Treaty (November 1993) (EPC), which had been written into the treaties by the Single European Act The Single European Act was the first major revision of the 1957 Treaty of Rome. The Act set the European Community an objective of establishing a Common Market by 31 December 1992, and codified European Political Cooperation, the forerunner of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy. It was signed at Luxembourg on 17 February 1986, but not as a part of the EEC. While the Justice and Home Affairs pillar extended cooperation in law enforcement, criminal justice, asylum, and immigration and judicial cooperation in civil matters, some of these areas had already been subject to intergovernmental cooperation under the Schengen Implementation Convention of 1990.

The creation of the pillar system was the result of the desire by many member states A Member State of the European Union is any one of the 27 sovereign states that have acceded to the European Union since its inception in 1951 as the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). From an original membership of six states, there have been six successive enlargements, the largest occurring on 1 May 2004, when ten states joined. The EU to extend the European Economic Community to the areas of foreign policy, military, criminal justice, judicial cooperation, and the misgiving of other member states, notably the United Kingdom, over adding areas which they considered to be too sensitive to be managed by the supra-national mechanisms of the European Economic Community. The compromise was that instead of renaming the European Economic Community as the European Union, the treaty would establish a legally separate European Union comprising the renamed European Economic Community, and the inter-governmental policy areas of foreign policy, military, criminal justice, judicial cooperation. The structure greatly limited the powers of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the European Court of Justice to influence the new intergovernmental policy areas, which were to be contained with the second and third pillars: foreign policy and military matters (the CFSP pillar) and criminal justice and cooperation in civil matters (the JHA pillar).

Ratification

The process of ratifying the treaty was fraught with difficulties in three states. Denmark Denmark is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government. Denmark has a state-level government and local governments in 98 municipalities. Denmark has been a member of the European Union since 1973, although it has not joined the Eurozone. Denmark is a founding member of NATO and the OECD. Denmark is also a member of the first rejected the treaty The Danish Maastricht Treaty referendum of 1992 was a referendum in which Danish voters rejected ratification of the Maastricht Treaty. The referendum was held on June 2, 1992 with a voter turnout of 83.1 %, of which 50.7 % voted no and 49.3 % voted yes. The referendum rejection was considered somewhat of a blow to the process of European on 2 June 1992 by fewer than 50,000 votes in a referendum. The treaty was ratified The Danish Maastricht Treaty referendum of 1993 was a referendum on whether Denmark should ratify the Maastricht Treaty which had already been rejected by the Danish people in a 1992 referendum. The referendum took place on May 18, 1993, with 56.7 % voting for the ratification and 43.3 % voting against, from an 86.5 % voter turnout by Denmark Denmark is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government. Denmark has a state-level government and local governments in 98 municipalities. Denmark has been a member of the European Union since 1973, although it has not joined the Eurozone. Denmark is a founding member of NATO and the OECD. Denmark is also a member of the on 18 May 1993 with the addition of the Edinburgh Agreement The Edinburgh Agreement or Edinburgh Decision is a December 1992 agreement reached at a European Council meeting in Edinburgh, Scotland, that granted Denmark four exceptions to the Maastricht Treaty so that it could be ratified by Denmark. This was necessary because, without all member states of the European Union ratifying it, it could not come which lists four Danish exceptions. In September 1992, a referendum in France On September 20, 1992, France held a referendum on the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty. It was approved by just over 51% of the voters. The result of the referendum, known as the "petit oui", along with the Danish "No" vote are considered to be signals of the end of the "permissive consensus" on European only narrowly supported the ratification of the treaty, with 51.05% in favour. In the United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[note 7] is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many small islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land, an opt-out from the treaty's social provisions was opposed in Parliament The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories. Parliament alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and its territories. At its head is the Sovereign, Queen Elizabeth by the opposition Labour The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom, and is regarded as the principal party of the Left in England, Scotland and Wales since 1920. Labour first surpassed the Liberal Party in general elections during the early 1920s. It formed minority governments under Ramsay MacDonald in 1924 and from 1929 until 1931 and took and Liberal Democrat The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a centre to centre-left social liberal political party in the United Kingdom. The party was formed in 1988 by a merger of the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party. The two parties had formed the electoral SDP–Liberal Alliance for seven years before then. The current leader of the MPs and the treaty itself by the Maastricht Rebels The Maastricht Rebels were British Members of Parliament belonging to the then governing Conservative Party who refused to support the government of John Major in a series of votes in the House of Commons on the issue of the implementation of the Maastricht Treaty (Treaty on European Union) in British law within the governing Conservative Party The Conservative and Unionist Party is a political party in the United Kingdom. Founded in its present form during the early 19th century, it has since been the principal centre-right party in the UK. The number of rebels exceeded the Conservative majority in the House of Commons The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords . Both Commons and Lords meet in the Palace of Westminster. The Commons is a democratically elected body, consisting of 650 members, who are known as "Members of Parliament" (MPs). Members are elected, and thus the government of John Major Sir John Major, KG, CH, ACIB is a British politician, who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1990 to 1997 came close to losing the confidence of the House.[4]

Signed In force Document The Treaties of the European Union are a set of international treaties between the Union's member states which sets out the constitutional basis of the European Union . They establish the various EU institutions, their procedures and the EU's objectives. The EU can only act within the powers granted to it through these treaties 1948 1948 Brussels Treaty The Treaty of Brussels was signed on March 17, 1948 between Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, as an expansion to the previous year's defence pledge, the Dunkirk Treaty, signed between Britain and France. It established the precursor of what later became the Western European Union 1951 1952 Paris Treaty The Treaty of Paris, signed on 18 April 1951 between France, West Germany, Italy and the three Benelux countries established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which subsequently became part of the European Union. The treaty came into force on 23 July 1952 and expired on 23 July 2002, exactly fifty years after it came into effect 1954 1955 Modified Brussels Treaty The London and Paris Conferences were two related conferences in London and Paris in late September and October 1954 to determine the status of West Germany. The nine participating powers were the 5 signatories of the Brussels Treaty, France, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands, as well as West Germany, Italy, Canada, and 1957 1958 Rome Treaties The Treaties of Rome are two of the treaties of the European Union signed on 25 March 1957. Both treaties were signed by The Six: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany 1965 1967 Merger Treaty The Merger Treaty was a European treaty which combined the executive bodies of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and the European Economic Community (EEC) into a single institutional structure 1975 N/A European Council conclusion List of European Councils, by presidency, date, and location 1986 1987 Single European Act The Single European Act was the first major revision of the 1957 Treaty of Rome. The Act set the European Community an objective of establishing a Common Market by 31 December 1992, and codified European Political Cooperation, the forerunner of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy. It was signed at Luxembourg on 17 February 1986, 1992 1993 Maastricht Treaty 1997 1999 Amsterdam Treaty The Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, commonly known as the Amsterdam Treaty, was signed on 2 October 1997, and entered into force on 1 May 1999; it made substantial changes to the Treaty on European Union, which had been signed at Maastricht 2001 2003 Nice Treaty The Treaty of Nice was signed by European leaders on 26 February 2001 and came into force on 1 February 2003. It amended the Maastricht Treaty (or the Treaty on European Union) and the Treaty of Rome (or the Treaty establishing the European Community). The Treaty of Nice reformed the institutional structure of the European Union to withstand 2007 The signing of the Treaty of Lisbon took place in Lisbon, Portugal on 13 December 2007. The Government of Portugal, by virtue of holding Presidency of the Council of the European Union at the time, arranged a ceremony inside the 15th century Jerónimos Monastery, the same place Portugal's treaty of accession to the European Union was signed in 1985 2009 Lisbon Treaty The Treaty of Lisbon is a treaty that was signed by the European Union (EU) member states on 13 December 2007, and entered into force on 1 December 2009. It amends the Treaty on European Union (TEU, Maastricht; 1992) and the Treaty establishing the European Community (TEC, Rome; 1957). In this process, the TEC was renamed to Treaty on the
Three pillars of the European Union: Between 1993 and 2009, the European Union legally consisted of three pillars. This structure was introduced with the Treaty of Maastricht on 1 November 1993, and was eventually abandoned on 1 December 2009 with the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, when the EU obtained a consolidated legal personality
European Communities: The European Communities were three international organisations that were governed by the same set of institutions. These were the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom)
European Atomic Energy Community The European Atomic Energy Community is an international organisation which is legally distinct from the European Union but shares membership as well as most of the key bodies with it (e.g. the Commission, Parliament, Council of Ministers, ...) (EURATOM)
European Coal and Steel Community The European Coal and Steel Community was a six-nation international organisation serving to unify Western Europe during the Cold War and create the foundation for the modern-day developments of the European Union. The ECSC was the first organisation to be based on the principles of supranationalism (ECSC) Treaty expired in 2002 European Union The European Union is an economic and political union of 27 member states which are located primarily in Europe. Committed to regional integration, the EU was established by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1993 upon the foundations of the European Communities. With over 500 million citizens, the EU combined generated an estimated 28% share (US$ 16.5 (EU)
European Economic Community The European Economic Community (also referred to as simply the European Community, or the Common Market in the English-speaking world) was an international organization that existed between 1957 and 1993 which was created to bring about economic integration (including a single market) between Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the (EEC) European Community The European Community was the first of the three pillars of the European Union (EU) between 1992 and 2009. Created by the Maastricht Treaty (1992), it was based upon the principle of supranationalism and had its origins in the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union. The Treaty of Lisbon abolished the entire pillar (EC)
TREVI Justice and Home Affairs (JHA)
Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters (PJCC)
European Political Cooperation (EPC) Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
Unconsolidated bodies Western European Union (WEU)
Treaty terminated in 2010

References

  1. ^ "1992". The EU at a glance - The History of the European Union. Europa. http://europa.eu/abc/history/1990-1999/1992/index_en.htm. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
  2. ^ "1991". The EU at a glance - The History of the European Union. Europa. http://europa.eu/abc/history/1990-1999/1991/index_en.htm. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
  3. ^ "1993". The EU at a glance - The History of the European Union. Europa. http://europa.eu/abc/history/1990-1999/1993/index_en.htm. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
  4. ^ Major Driven to Confidence Factor - Independent Newspaper Article http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-maastricht-debate-major-driven-to-confidence-factor-commons-exchanges-treaty-issue-cannot-fester-any-longer-1486498.html

See also

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The Maastricht Treaty was an agreement among?
Q. a. all European nations. b. western European nations c. eastern European nations d. Europe and the United States thank u=)
Asked by mom - Sat Dec 12 11:21:21 2009 - - 3 Answers - 0 Comments

A. b. western European nations It was signed in Maastricht in Holland (The Netherlands) and included only a group af Western European countries, and didn't include any Eastern European Countries or Scandinavian/Nordic countries except Denmark. The countries who signed were: Belgium, France, Greece, The Netherlands, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain, UK (Great Britain) Germany
Answered by Lillen - Sat Dec 12 11:30:42 2009

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