Deutsche Mark::Banknotes of the Fourth Series (1990

The Deutsche Mark or German mark was the official currency In economics, the term currency can refer either to a particular currency, for example the US dollar, or to the coins and banknotes of a particular currency, which comprise the physical aspects of a nation's money supply. The other part of a nation's money supply consists of money deposited in banks , ownership of which can be transferred by means of West Germany West Germany is a common English name for the period of the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, BRD) between its' formation in May 1949 to German reunification in October 1990, when the (East) German Democratic Republic was dissolved and the five states on its territory joined the Federal Republic of Germany, ending and, from 1990 until the adoption of the euro The euro is the official currency of 16 of the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU). The states, known collectively as the Eurozone, are Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. The currency is also used in a further five European, all of unified Germany Germany (pronounced /ˈdʒɜrməni/ ), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south. It was first issued under Allied occupation The Bizone, or Bizonia, was the combination of the American and the British occupation zones during the occupation of Germany after World War II. With the addition of the French occupation zone, the entity became the Trizone or Trizonia. In 1949, the trizone became the Federal Republic of Germany in 1948 replacing the Reichsmark The Reichsmark was the currency in Germany from 1924 until June 20, 1948. The Reichsmark was subdivided into 100 Reichspfennig, and served as the Federal Republic of Germany Germany (pronounced /ˈdʒɜrməni/ ), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south's official currency from its founding the following year until 1999, when the Mark was replaced by the euro The euro is the official currency of 16 of the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU). The states, known collectively as the Eurozone, are Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. The currency is also used in a further five European; its coins A coin is a piece of hard material, usually metal or a metallic material and sometimes made of synthetic materials, usually in the shape of a disc, and most often issued by a government. Coins are used as a form of money in transactions of various kinds, from the everyday circulation coins to the storage of large numbers of bullion coins. In the & banknotes A banknote is a kind of negotiable instrument, a promissory note made by a bank payable to the bearer on demand, used as money, and in many jurisdictions is legal tender. Along with coins, banknotes make up the cash or bearer forms of all modern money. With the exception of non-circulating high-value or precious metal commemorative issues, coins remained in circulation, defined in terms of euros, until the introduction of euro notes & coins in early 2002. The Deutsche Mark ceased to be legal tender Legal tender or forced tender is an offered payment that, by law, cannot be refused in settlement of a debt, and have the debt remain in force. Currency is the most common form of legal tender immediately upon the introduction of the euro—in contrast to the other eurozone The eurozone is an economic and monetary union (EMU) of 16 European Union member states which have adopted the euro currency as their sole legal tender. It currently consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. Eight other states nations, where the euro & legacy currency circulated side by side for up to 2 months. However, DM coins & banknotes continued to be accepted as valid forms of payment in Germany until 28 February 2002.

The Deutsche Bundesbank The Deutsche Bundesbank is the central bank of the Federal Republic of Germany and as such part of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB). Due to its strength and former size, the Bundesbank is the most influential member of the ESCB. Both the Deutsche Bundesbank and the European Central Bank (ECB) are located in Frankfurt am Main. It is has guaranteed that all DM in cash form may be changed into euros indefinitely, and one may do so at any branch of the Bundesbank in Germany. Bank notes can even be sent to the bank by mail.^[1]

On 31 December 1998, the European Central Bank The European Central Bank is one of the world's most important central banks, responsible for monetary policy covering the 16 member States of the Eurozone. It was established by the European Union (EU) in 1998 with its headquarters in Frankfurt, Germany (ECB) fixed the irrevocable exchange rate, effective 1 January 1999, for DM to euro The euro is the official currency of 16 of the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU). The states, known collectively as the Eurozone, are Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. The currency is also used in a further five European as DM 1.95583 = one euro.^[2]

One Deutsche Mark was divided into 100 Pfennig The Pfennig is an old German coin or note, which existed from the 9th century until the introduction of the euro in 2002.

1 History
2 Coins
- 2.1 Colloquial expression
3 Banknotes
- 3.1 Banknotes of the fourth series (1990–2002)
4 Spelling and pronunciation
5 The mark as a major international reserve currency
6 See also
7 References
8 External links

History

Before 1871

A Mark had been the currency of Germany since its original unification The formal unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871 at the Versailles Palace's Hall of Mirrors in France. Princes of the German states gathered there to proclaim Wilhelm of Prussia as Emperor Wilhelm of the German Empire after the French capitulation in the Franco- in 1871. Before that time, the different German states The States of the German Confederation were those member states that from June 20, 1815 were part of the German Confederation, which lasted, with some changes in the member states, until August 24, 1866, under the presidency of the Austrian imperial House of Habsburg, which was represented by an Austrian presidential envoy to the Federal diet in issued a variety of different currencies, though most were linked to the Vereinsthaler The Vereinsthaler was a standard silver coin used in most German states and the Austrian Empire in the years prior to German unification, a silver coin containing 16 2/3 grams The gram , (Greek/Latin root grámma); symbol g, is a unit of mass of pure silver. Although the Mark was based on gold rather than silver, a fixed exchange rate between the Vereinsthaler and the Mark of 3 Mark = 1 Vereinsthaler was used for the conversion.

1873–1948

The first Mark, known as the Goldmark Before unification, the different German states issued a variety of different currencies, though most were linked to the Vereinsthaler, a silver coin containing 16⅔ grams of pure silver. Although the Mark was based on gold rather than silver, a fixed exchange rate between the Vereinsthaler and the Mark of 3 Mark = 1 Vereinsthaler was used for, was introduced in 1873. With the outbreak of the World War I World War I , also known as the First World War, the Great War, the World War (prior to the outbreak of the Second World War), and the War to End All Wars, was a global military conflict which involved most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies of World War I centred around the Triple Entente and the Central, the Mark was taken off the gold standard. The currency thus became known as the Papiermark The name Papiermark is applied to the German currency from the point in 1914 when the link between the Mark and gold was abandoned, due to the outbreak of the First World War. In particular, the name is used for the banknotes issued during the hyperinflation in Germany of 1922 and especially 1923, which was a result of the Germans' decision to pay, especially as high inflation In economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation is also an erosion in the purchasing power of money – a loss of real value in the internal medium of exchange and unit, then hyperinflation The inflation in the Weimar Republic was a period of hyperinflation in Germany during 1921-1923 occurred and the currency became exclusively made up of paper money. The Papiermark was replaced by the Rentenmark The Rentenmark (RM) was a currency issued on 15 November 1923 to stop the hyperinflation of 1922 and 1923 in Germany. It was subdivided into 100 Rentenpfennig in late 1923 and the Reichsmark The Reichsmark was the currency in Germany from 1924 until June 20, 1948. The Reichsmark was subdivided into 100 Reichspfennig (RM) in 1924.

Currency reform of June 1948

The Deutsche Mark was introduced on 21 June 1948 by the Western Allies The term Western Allies refers to a certain political and geographic grouping among the Allied Powers of the Second World War. It generally includes the United Kingdom and British Commonwealth, the United States, France and various other European and Latin American countries, but excludes China, the Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia due to different (the USA, the United Kingdom and France). The old Reichsmark and Rentenmark were exchanged for the new currency at a rate of 1 DM = 1 RM for the essential currency such as wages, payment of rents etc, and 1 DM = 10 RM for the remainder in private non banks credit balance, with half frozen. Large amounts were exchanged for 10RM to 65 pfennigs. In addition, each person received a per capita allowance of 60 DM in two parts, the first being 40 DM and the second 20 DM.^[3]

The introduction of the new currency was intended to protect western Germany from a second wave of hyperinflation In economics, hyperinflation is inflation that is very high or "out of control", a condition in which prices increase rapidly as a currency loses its value. Definitions used by the media vary from a cumulative inflation rate over three years approaching 100% to "inflation exceeding 50% a month." In informal usage the term is and to stop the rampant barter and black market The underground economy or black market is a market where all commerce is conducted without regard to taxation, law or regulations of trade. The term is also often known as the underdog, shadow economy, black economy, parallel economy or phantom trades trade (where American cigarettes acted as currency). Although the new currency was initially only distributed in the three western occupation zones outside Berlin, the move angered the Soviet The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. The name is a translation of the Russian: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (help·info), tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, IPA [sɐˈjʊs sɐˈvʲeʦkʲɪx səʦɪ authorities, who regarded it as a threat. The Soviets promptly cut off all road A road is an identifiable route, way or path between places. Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel; though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance, rail Rail transport is the conveyance of passengers and goods by means of wheeled vehicles running on steel rails. Rail transport is part of the logistics chain, which facilitates international trade and economic growth. Rail transport is capable of high capacity and is energy efficient, but lacks flexibility and is capital intensive and canal Canals are artificial channels for water. There are two types of canal: aqueduct canals are used for the conveyance and delivery of water, and waterway canals are navigable transportation canals used for passage of goods and people, often connected to existing lakes, rivers, or oceans links between the three western zones and West Berlin – starting the Berlin Blockade The Berlin Blockade was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War and the first such crisis that resulted in casualties. During the multinational occupation of post-World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway and road access to the sectors of Berlin under their control. Their aim was to force the. In response the United States distributed the new currency in West Berlin West Berlin was the name given to the western part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990. It consisted of the American, British, and French occupation sectors established in 1945. It was in many ways integrated with, although legally not a part of, West Germany. The Soviet sector became East Berlin, which East Germany claimed as its capital; however, as well.

The DM's role in German reunification

The Deutsche Mark played an important role in the reunification of Germany. It was introduced as the official currency of East Germany in July 1990, replacing the East German Mark (Mark der DDR), in preparation for unification on 3 October 1990. East German marks were exchanged for DM at a rate of 1:1 for the first 4000 Marks and 2:1 for larger amounts. Before reunification, each citizen of East Germany coming to West Germany was given Begrüßungsgeld, greeting money, a per capita allowance of 100 DM in cash. The government of Germany, and the Bundesbank were in major disagreement over the exchange rate between the East German Mark and the DM.

Stability of the DM

The DM had a reputation as one of the world's most stable currencies; this was based on the monetary policy of the Bundesbank. The policy was "hard" in relation to the policies of certain other central banks in Europe. The "hard" and "soft" was in respect to the aims of inflation and political interference. This policy is the foundation of the European Central Bank's present policy towards the euro. The DM's stability was greatly apparent in 1993, when speculation on the French Franc and other European currencies caused a change in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism.

Coins

The first DM coins were issued by the Bank deutscher Länder in 1948 and 1949. From 1950, the inscription Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Federal Republic of Germany) appeared on the coins.

Denomination	Dates issued	Composition	Obverse	Reverse
1 Pfennig	1948–2001	1948–1949: Bronze plated steel 1950–2001: Copper plated steel	Oak sprig	Denomination between rye stalks
2 Pfennig	1950–2001	1950–1968: Bronze 1968–2001: Bronze plated steel	Oak sprig	Denomination between rye stalks
5 Pfennig	1949–2001	Brass plated steel	Oak sprig	Denomination between rye stalks
10 Pfennig	1949–2001	Brass plated steel	Oak sprig	Denomination between rye stalks
50 Pfennig	1949–2001	Cupro-nickel	Woman planting an oak seedling^[4]	Denomination
1 DM	1950–2001	Cupro-nickel	German eagle	Denomination between oak leaves
2 DM	1951, 1957–2001	Cupro-nickel	German eagle	1951: Denomination between rye stalks and grapes^[5] 1957–1971: Max Planck 1969–1987: Konrad Adenauer 1970–1987: Theodor Heuss 1979–2001: Kurt Schumacher 1988–2001: Ludwig Erhard 1990–1994: Franz Josef Strauß 1994–2001: Willy Brandt
5 DM	1951–2001	1951–1974: Silver 1975–2001: Cupro-nickel	German eagle	Denomination

There were a considerable number of commemorative silver 5 and 10 DM coins, which actually had the status of legal tender but were rarely seen outside of collectors' circles.

Gold 1 DM coin

On 27 December 2000, the German government enacted a law authorizing the Bundesbank to issue, in 2001, a special .999 pure gold 1 DM coin commemorating the end of the DM. The coin had the exact design and dimensions of the circulating cupro-nickel 1 DM coin, with the exception of the inscription on the reverse, which read "Deutsche Bundesbank" (instead of "Bundesrepublik Deutschland"), as the Bundesbank was the issuing authority in this case. A total of one million gold DM coins were minted (200,000 at each of the five mints) and were sold beginning in mid-2001 through German coin dealers on behalf of the Bundesbank. The issue price varied by dealer but averaged approximately $165 in U.S. dollars.

German coins bear a mint mark, indicating where the coin was minted. D indicates Munich, F Stuttgart, G Karlsruhe and J Hamburg. Coins minted during WW2 include the mint marks A (Berlin) and B (Vienna). The mint mark A was also used for DM coins minted in Berlin beginning in 1990 following the reunification of Germany. These mint marks have been continued on the German Euro coins.

Between July 1, 1990 (Currency union with East Germany) and July 1, 1991 East German coins of denominations up to 50 pfennigs continued to circulate as Deutsche Mark coins at their face value, due to a temporary shortage of small coins. These coins were legal tender only in the territory of former East Germany.

Colloquial expression

In colloquial German the 10 Pfennig coin was sometimes called a Groschen (cf. groat). Likewise, Sechser (sixer) could refer to a coin of 5 Pfennig. Both colloquialisms refer to several pre-1871 currencies of the previously independent Länder (notably Prussia), where a Groschen was subdivided into 12 Pfennigs, hence half a Groschen into 6. After 1871, 12 Pfennigs of old currency would be converted into 10 Pfennig of the Mark, hence 10 Pfennig coins inherited the "Groschen" name and 5 Pfennig coins inherited the "Sechser" name. Both usages are only regional and may not be understood in areas where a Groschen coin did not exist pre-1871. Especially the usage of "Sechser" is less widely spread. In Northern Germany the 5 Mark coin used to be also called "Heiermann" (hired man).

Banknotes

There were four series of DM banknotes:

The first was issued in 1948 by the Allied military. There were denominations of ½, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 DM, with two designs of 20 and 50 DM notes.
The second series was introduced in 1948 by the Bank deutscher Länder, an institution of the western occupation government. The designs were similar to the US Dollar and French franc, as the job of designing and printing the different denominations was shared between the Bank of France and the American Bank Note Company. There were denominations of 5 and 10 Pfennig, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 DM.
The third series was introduced in 1960 by the Bundesbank, depicting neutral symbols, paintings by the German painter Albrecht Dürer, and buildings. There were 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 DM denominations.
The fourth was introduced in 1990 by the Bundesbank to counter advances in forgery technology. The notes depicted German artists and scientists together with symbols and tools of their trade. This series added a 200 DM denomination, to decrease the use of 100 DM banknotes, which made up 54% of all circulating banknotes, and to fill the gap between the 100 DM and 500 DM denomination. Nevertheless the 200 DM denomination was rather rare.

In the latter two series, the 5 DM denomination was rarely seen, as were the ones with a value greater than 100 DM.

Banknotes of the fourth series (1990–2002)

A 10 Deutsche Mark banknote from Germany 1993 showing Carl Friedrich Gauß

The design of German banknotes remained unchanged during the 1960s, '70s and '80s. During this period, forgery technology made significant advances so, in the late 1980s, the Bundesbank decided to issue a new series of Deutsche Mark banknotes. The colours for each denomination remained unchanged from the previous series but the designs underwent significant changes and a 200 DM denomination was introduced. Famous national artists and scientists were chosen to be portrayed on the new banknotes. Male and female artists were chosen in equal numbers. The buildings in the background of the notes' obverses had a close relationship to the person displayed (e.g., place of birth, place of death, place of work), as well as the second background picture (Lyra and the musician Schumann). The reverses of the notes refer to the work of the person on the obverse.

The new security features were: a windowed security-thread (with the notes denomination in microprinting), watermark, micro-printing, intaglio-printing (viewing-angle dependent visibility as well as a braille representation of the notes denomination), colour-shifting ink (on the 500 and 1000 DM denominations), a see-through register and UV-visible security features.

First to be issued were the 100 and 200 DM denominations on 1 October 1990 (although the banknote shows "Frankfurt am Main, 2. Januar 1989"). The next denomination was 10 DM on 16 April 1991, followed by 50 DM in autumn the same year. Next was the 20 DM note on 20 March 1992 (printed on 2 August 1991). The reason for this gradual introduction was, that public should become familiar with one single denomination, before introducing a new one. The change was finished with the introduction of the 5, 500, and 1000 DM denominations on 27 October 1992. The last three denominations were rarely seen in circulation and were introduced in one step. With the advance of forgery technology, the Bundesbank decided to introduce additional security features on the most important denominations (50, 100, and 200 DM) as of 1996. These were a hologram foil in the center of the note's obverse, a matted printing on the note's right obverse, showing its denomination (like on the reverse of the new €5, €10, and €20 banknotes), and the EURion constellation on the note's reverse. Furthermore, the colors were changed a bit to pastel to hamper counterfeiting.

1989 Series [1]
Image		Value	€ equiv.	Dimensions	Main Colour	Description			Date of
Obverse	Reverse	Value	€ equiv.	Dimensions	Main Colour	Obverse	Reverse	Watermark	first printing	issue	withdrawal	lapse
		5 DM	2.56	122 × 62 mm	Yellowish-green	Bettina von Arnim, Wiepersdorf estate and buildings of historic Berlin	Brandenburg Gate	As portrait	1 August 1991	27 October 1992	31 December 2001	Indefinite
		10 DM	5.11	130 × 65 mm	Blue-violet	Carl Friedrich Gauss, Gaussian distribution, historic buildings of Göttingen	Sextant, a small map showing the triangulation of the Kingdom of Hanover performed by Gauss		2 January 1989	16 April 1991
		20 DM	10.23	138 × 68 mm	Blueish-green	Annette von Droste-Hülshoff, buildings of the city of Meersburg	A quill pen and a beech-tree, referring to her work Die Judenbuche		1 August 1991	20 March 1992
		50 DM	25.56	146 × 71 mm	Yellowish-brown	Balthasar Neumann, buildings of Old-Würzburg, an architect's ruler	Partial view of the stairway in the Würzburg Residence, the ground plan of a famous chapel, Kreuzkapelle, in Kitzingen		2 January 1989	30 September 1991^{[citation needed]}
		100 DM	51.13	154 × 74 mm	Dark blue	Clara Schumann from a lithograph by Andreas Staub, buildings of historic Leipzig and a lyre	Grand piano, Background: the pre-war building of the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt am Main			1 October 1990^{[citation needed]}
		200 DM	102.26	162 × 77 mm	Orange	Paul Ehrlich, buildings of historic Frankfurt, the formula of Arsphenamine	Microscope, the Rod of Asclepius surrounded by simplified cell structures			1 October 1990^{[citation needed]}
		500 DM	255.65	170 × 80 mm	Red-violet	Anna Maria Sibylla Merian, an insect, buildings of ancient Nuremberg	Dandelion, inchworm, butterfly		1 August 1991	27 October 1992
		1000 DM	511.29	178 × 83 mm	Dark-brown	Wilhelm and Jakob Grimm, buildings of historic Kassel	The 'German dictionary' (Deutsches Wörterbuch), the Royal library in Berlin		1 August 1991	27 October 1992
Hologram variant
		50 DM	25.56	As previous					2 January 1996	2 February 1998	31 December 2001	Indefinite
		100 DM	51.13							1 August 1997
		200 DM	102.26							1 August 1997
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixels per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

Spelling and pronunciation

The German name of the currency is Deutsche Mark (fem., German pronunciation: [ˈdɔytʃə maʁk]); its plural form in standard German was the same as the singular. In German, the adjective "deutsche" (adjective for "German" in feminine singular nominative form) is capitalized due to its part in a proper name, while the noun "Mark", like all German nouns, is always capitalized. The English loanword "Deutschmark" had a slightly different spelling (possibly due to the frequency of silent e in English) and a plural form. In Germany, the currency's name was often abbreviated as D-Mark (fem., [ˈdeːmaʁk]) or sometimes Mark (fem.) with the latter term also often used in English. Like Deutsche Mark, D-Mark and Mark have no plural form, the singular being used to refer to any amount of money (e.g. eine (one) Mark and dreißig (thirty) Mark). Sometimes, a plural form of Mark, Märker [ˈmɛʁkɐ] was used as either as diminutive form or to refer to a (physically present or small) number of D-Mark coins or bills (e.g. Gib mir mal ein paar Märker (Just give me a few Mark (-bills or -coins)) and Die lieben Märker wieder (The lovely money again (with an ironic undertone)).

The subdivision unit is spelled Pfennig (masc.; [ˈpfɛnɪç]), which unlike Mark does have a commonly used plural form: Pfennige ([ˈpfɛnɪɡə]), but the singular could also be used instead with no difference in meaning. (e.g.: ein (one) Pfennig, dreißig (thirty) Pfennige or dreißig (thirty) Pfennig). The official form is singular.

The mark as a major international reserve currency

Main article: Reserve currency

Before the switch to the euro, the mark was considered a major international reserve currency, second only to the US dollar.

Currency composition of official foreign exchange reserves
	'95	'96	'97	'98	'99	'00	'01	'02	'03	'04	'05	'06	'07	'08
US dollar	59.0%	62.1%	65.2%	69.3%	70.9%	70.5%	70.7%	66.5%	65.8%	65.9%	66.4%	65.7%	64.1%	64.0%
Euro					17.9%	18.8%	19.8%	24.2%	25.3%	24.9%	24.3%	25.2%	26.3%	26.5%
German mark	15.8%	14.7%	14.5%	13.8%
Pound sterling	2.1%	2.7%	2.6%	2.7%	2.9%	2.8%	2.7%	2.9%	2.6%	3.3%	3.6%	4.2%	4.7%	4.1%
Japanese yen	6.8%	6.7%	5.8%	6.2%	6.4%	6.3%	5.2%	4.5%	4.1%	3.9%	3.7%	3.2%	2.9%	3.3%
French franc	2.4%	1.8%	1.4%	1.6%
Swiss franc	0.3%	0.2%	0.4%	0.3%	0.2%	0.3%	0.3%	0.4%	0.2%	0.2%	0.1%	0.2%	0.2%	0.1%
Other	13.6%	11.7%	10.2%	6.1%	1.6%	1.4%	1.2%	1.4%	1.9%	1.8%	1.9%	1.5%	1.8%	2.0%
	Sources: 1995-1999, 2006-2008 IMF: Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange ReservesPDF (80 KB) Sources: 1999-2005, ECB: The Accumulation of Foreign ReservesPDF (816 KB)

References

^ "Free Exchange DM-Euro" (HTML). Bundesbank. http://www.bundesbank.de/bargeld/bargeld_faq_banknotendm.en.php#dm_umtausch. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
^ "Determination of the euro conversion rates" (HTML). European Central Bank. 1999-01-01. http://www.ecb.int/press/pr/date/1998/html/pr981231_2.en.html. Retrieved 2008-02-20.
^ http://www.bundesbank.de/download/volkswirtschaft/mba/2002/200203_en_dmark.pdf Accessed 31-12-2006
^ The sculpturist Richard Martin Werner designed the woman relief after his wife Gerda Johanna Werner (German).
^ http://sammler.com/muenzdatenbank/artikel.asp?Sparte=BRD_2_Mark_1951&laden=BRD-M%FCnzen&sprache=deutsch Withdrawn on 1 July 1958 due to confusion with the similarly desiged 1 DM

External links

Coins of the Third Reich

Preceded by: Reichsmark, Rentenmark Reason: intended to protect West Germany from the second wave of hyperinflation and stop the rampant barter and black market trade Ratio: 1 DM = 1 RM (either) below 600 RM, 1 DM = 10 RM above 600 RM and each person received 40 DM	Currency of West Germany 21 June 1948 – 1990 Note: except of the state of the Saarland (1957-1959)	Currency of Germany 1990 – 31 December 2001 Note: euro existed as money of account since 1 January 1999, with DM coins and banknotes being the German appearance of the euro	Succeeded by: euro Reason: deployment of euro cash Ratio: 1 euro = 1.95583 Deutsche Mark
Preceded by: Saar Franc Reason: currency union (9 July 1959), after the Saarland had joined West Germany (1 January 1957) Ratio: 100 Francs = 0.8507 Deutsche Mark
Preceded by: Mark of the GDR Reason: currency union (1 July 1990) preparing the German reunification (3 October 1990) Ratio: at par up to 4000 Mark, 2 East German Mark = 1 DM above 4000 Mark
Preceded by: Yugoslav new dinar Reason: political and economic reasons		Currency of Kosovo, Montenegro 1999 – 31 December 2001

Currency signs (¤)

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Historic	₳ · ₢ · $ · ₰ · ₯ · ₠ · ₣ · Lm · ℳ · ₧ · I/. · Kčs · Sk

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Contents

History

Before 1871

1873–1948

Currency reform of June 1948

Currency reform in the Soviet occupation zone

Bank deutscher Länder and the Deutsche Bundesbank

Currency Union with the Saarland

The DM's role in German reunification

Stability of the DM

Coins

Colloquial expression

Banknotes

Banknotes of the fourth series (1990–2002)

Spelling and pronunciation

The mark as a major international reserve currency

See also

References

External links

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